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<title>Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Chamberlin in the 1870s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1843-09-25</span>)</span>September 25, 1843<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Mattoon%2C_Illinois" title="Mattoon, Illinois">Mattoon, Illinois</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 15, 1928<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1928-11-16</span>)</span> (aged 85)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Chicago%2C_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Beloit_College" title="Beloit College">Beloit College</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(A.B., 1866)</span><br><a href="University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Chamberlin%E2%80%93Moulton_planetesimal_hypothesis" title="Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis">Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Rollin Thomas Chamberlin (1881–1948), geologist and skeptic of <a href="Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener">Wegener</a>'s <a href="Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a> hypothesis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Hayden_Memorial_Geological_Award" title="Hayden Memorial Geological Award">Hayden Memorial Geological Award</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1920)</span><br><a href="Penrose_Gold_Medal" title="Penrose Gold Medal">Penrose Gold Medal</a> <small>(1924)</small><br><a href="Penrose_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Penrose Medal">Penrose Medal</a> <small>(1927)</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Columbian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian University">Columbian University</a><br><a href="University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a><br><a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Alexander_Winchell" title="Alexander Winchell">Alexander Winchell</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> September 25, 1843 – November 15, 1928) was an American <a href="Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a> and <a href="Educator" class="mw-redirect" title="Educator">educator</a>. In 1893 he founded the <i><a href="Journal_of_Geology" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Geology">Journal of Geology</a></i>, of which he was editor for many years.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div>

<p>Chamberlin was born September 25, 1843, in <a href="Mattoon%2C_Illinois" title="Mattoon, Illinois">Mattoon</a>, Illinois. When he was three years old his family moved north to near <a href="Beloit%2C_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin">Beloit</a>, Wisconsin. His father was a <a href="Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> circuit minister and farmer. He attended a preparatory academy before entering <a href="Beloit_College" title="Beloit College">Beloit College</a>, where he received a classical education in Greek and Latin, while becoming interested in natural science. While a student at Beloit he directed a church choir and participated in athletics and debate.

</p><p>After graduation from <a href="Beloit_College" title="Beloit College">Beloit College</a> in 1866, Chamberlin worked for two years as a teacher and later principal in a high school near Beloit. He was married to Alma Wilson in 1867.

</p><p>In 1868–1869, Chamberlin spent a year taking graduate courses, including geology, at the <a href="University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> to strengthen his scientific background. Subsequently (1869–1873), he became professor of natural science at <a href="University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Whitewater" title="University of Wisconsin–Whitewater">Whitewater Normal School</a> in Wisconsin. He joined the Beloit faculty in 1873, where he was professor of geology, <a href="Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, and <a href="Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>. In 1873 he also became one of several part-time participants in conducting a comprehensive geological survey of <a href="Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. His <a href="Geological_map" title="Geological map">geological mapping</a> work in southeastern Wisconsin, a region mantled with thick <a href="Glacial_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial deposit">glacial deposits</a>, led him to recognize multiple episodes of <a href="Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a> during the <a href="Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>. His terminology for <a href="Glacial_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial stage">glacial stages</a> in North America is still in use, with minor modifications.

</p><p>In 1875 he started a business with his brother and sold spring water, a popular brand at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1876 Chamberlin became chief geologist for the Wisconsin geological survey, supervising the completion of the survey and the publication of the four-volume report, for which he authored sections on glacial deposits, <a href="Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> and <a href="Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> geology, <a href="Carbonate_hosted_lead_zinc_ore_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate hosted lead zinc ore deposits">lead-zinc ore deposits</a>, <a href="Artesian_well" title="Artesian well">artesian wells</a>, and <a href="Soil" title="Soil">soils</a>. The project brought him national attention and led to his appointment as head of the glacial division of the <a href="US_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="US Geological Survey">US Geological Survey</a> in 1881. He later was president of the <a href="University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a> (1887 to 1892).

</p><p>In 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again in 1897,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamberlin wrote "The method of multiple working hypotheses", in which he advocated the importance of simultaneously evaluating several hypotheses, rejecting those that conflict with available data, and ending with the one hypothesis supported by the data. This stood in contrast to what he called the <i>single ruling theory</i>, which encouraged scientists to find supporting data and not challenge it with difficult tests. The paper is considered a landmark <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the scientific method, was an inspiration for the approach called <a href="Strong_inference" title="Strong inference">strong inference</a>, and was reprinted in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1892 Chamberlin accepted the offer to organize a department of geology at the new <a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, where he remained as a professor until 1918. From 1898 to 1914 he was president of the <a href="Chicago_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Academy of Sciences">Chicago Academy of Sciences</a>.

</p><p>In 1899 Chamberlin wrote, <i>An Attempt to Frame a Working Hypothesis of the Cause of Glacial Periods on an Atmospheric Basis</i>, and developed at length the idea that changes in climate could result from changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and wrote about <a href="Climate_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate engineering">climate actions</a>:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When the temperature is rising after a glacial episode, dissociation is promoted, and the ocean gives forth its carbon dioxide at an increased rate, and thereby assists in accelerating the amelioration of climate.

</p><p>A study of the life of the geological periods seems to indicate that there were very notable fluctuations in the total mass of living matter. To be sure there was a reciprocal relation between the life of the land and that of the sea, so that when the latter was extended upon the continental platforms and greatly augmented, the former was contracted, but notwithstanding this it seems clear that the sum of life activity fluctuated notably during the ages. It is believed that on the whole it was greatest at the periods of sea extension and mild climates, and least at the times of disruption and climatic intensification. This factor then acted antithetically to the carbonic acid freeing previously noted, and, so far as it went, tended to offset its effects

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It now becomes necessary to assign agencies capable of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at a rate sufficiently above the normal rate of supply, at certain times, to produce glaciation; and on the other hand, capable of restoring it to the atmosphere at certain other times in sufficient amounts to produce mild climates.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Chamberlin was elected to the <a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1901 and the United States <a href="National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1905, Chamberlin and <a href="Forest_Ray_Moulton" title="Forest Ray Moulton">Forest Ray Moulton</a> developed a theory of the formation of the <a href="Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> that challenged the <a href="Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplacian</a> <a href="Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">nebular hypothesis</a>. Their theory, the <a href="Chamberlin-Moulton_planetesimal_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamberlin-Moulton planetesimal hypothesis">Chamberlin-Moulton planetesimal hypothesis</a>, received favorable support for almost a third of a century, but passed out of favor by the late 1930s. It ultimately was discarded in the 1940s by the realization it was incompatible with the <a href="Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> of <a href="Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. A portion of the theory stating that smaller objects — <a href="Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a> — gradually collided to build the planets by <a href="Accretion_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Accretion theory">accretion</a> is still well-regarded. From his theories and other geological evidence he concluded that Earth was much older than assumed by <a href="Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (ca 100 million years) at the time. His speculations about the source of energy for such a long-lived Sun were prescient, involving the ability of the Sun to somehow extract energy from the inner structures of the atom.

</p><p>In 1905, Chamberlin was elected to the <a href="American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>In 1909, he and his son Rollin Thomas Chamberlin traveled to the <a href="Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">East</a> as members of the Oriental Educational Investigation Commission led by <a href="Ernest_DeWitt_Burton" title="Ernest DeWitt Burton">Ernest DeWitt Burton</a>, and supported by <a href="John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> to reconnoiter the Eastern world as a potential site for the humanitarian projects of the nascent <a href="Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Chamberlin was awarded the inaugural <a href="Penrose_Gold_Medal" title="Penrose Gold Medal">Penrose Gold Medal</a> of the <a href="Society_of_Economic_Geologists" title="Society of Economic Geologists">Society of Economic Geologists</a> in 1924,<sup id="cite_ref-seg_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seg-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the inaugural <a href="Penrose_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Penrose Medal">Penrose Medal</a> of the <a href="Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a> in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was president of the Geological Society of America in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Chamberlin remained active professionally up until his death in <a href="Chicago%2C_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago</a> on November 15, 1928.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

<p>His papers are housed at the University of Chicago archives and the Beloit College archives. The Beloit College archives also contain the papers of his son, Rollin T. Chamberlin (1881-1948), who was also a geologist, and later chaired the geology department at the University of Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are buildings named for him on the Beloit College and University of Wisconsin–Madison campuses as well as a house in <a href="Burton-Judson_Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Burton-Judson Courts">Burton-Judson Courts</a> at <a href="The_University_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Chicago">The University of Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Chamberlin_(lunar_crater)" title="Chamberlin (lunar crater)">lunar crater Chamberlin</a> and a <a href="Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">crater</a> on <a href="Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a><sup id="cite_ref-deVaucouleurs1975_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deVaucouleurs1975-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are named in his honor. He is the namesake of <a href="Mount_Chamberlin_(California)" title="Mount Chamberlin (California)">Mount Chamberlin</a> in California. A 42 ton rock, a Precambrian glacial erratic, called the Chamberlin Rock sat on Observatory Hill at the University of Wisconsin Madison campus for over 100 years, until 2021 when it was moved to a university property on <a href="Lake_Kegonsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Kegonsa">Lake Kegonsa</a>, a glacial lake.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Outline of a Course of Oral Instruction</i> (1872)</li>

<li><i>Geology of Wisconsin: Survey of 1873-1879</i> (Contributed and edited second volume in 1877)</li>

<li>Preliminary paper on the terminal moraine of the second glacial epoch (U.S. Geological Survey, 1882)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001520289">The rock scorings of the great ice invasions</a> (U.S. Geological Survey, 1886)</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin1890" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlin, T. C. (1890). "The method of multiple working hypotheses". <i><a href="Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>15</b> (366): <span class="nowrap">92–</span>96. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1890Sci....15R..92.">1890Sci....15R..92.</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.ns-15.366.92">10.1126/science.ns-15.366.92</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17782687">17782687</a>.</cite> (Reprinted in 1965: <cite id="CITEREFChamberlin1965" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlin, T. C. (May 1965). "The method of multiple working hypotheses: With this method the dangers of parental affection for a favorite theory can be circumvented". <i><a href="Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>148</b> (3671): <span class="nowrap">754–</span>759. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Sci...148..754C">1965Sci...148..754C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.148.3671.754">10.1126/science.148.3671.754</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1716334">1716334</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17748786">17748786</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7481185">7481185</a>.</cite>)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001488672"><i>Contribution to the Theory of Glacial Motion</i></a> (1904)</li>

<li>With <a href="Rollin_D._Salisbury" title="Rollin D. Salisbury">R. D. Salisbury</a>, <i>Geology</i> (three volumes, 1907–09)</li>

<li><i>The Origin of the Earth</i> (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; London: At the Cambridge University Press, 1916.)</li>

<li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/chamberlin-thomas-c.pdf">Biographical Memoir of Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin: 1843-1928</a>". In <i>Biographical Memoirs, vol. 15</i>. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Geological_Features_of_Wisconsin" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Geological Features of Wisconsin"><i>Geological Features of Wisconsin</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_Age_Trail" title="Ice Age Trail">Ice Age Trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Strong_inference" title="Strong inference">Strong inference</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's New Biographical Dictionary</i> (Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1988; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780877795438</bdi>), p. 1099.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beloit.edu/archives/documents/archival_documents/chamberlin_springs/">"Chamberlin Springs: Rest & Research Since 1875"</a>. Beloit College.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin,_T._C.1890" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlin, T. C. (1890). "The method of multiple working hypotheses". <i>Science</i>. <b>15</b> (366): <span class="nowrap">92–</span>96. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1890Sci....15R..92.">1890Sci....15R..92.</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.ns-15.366.92">10.1126/science.ns-15.366.92</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17782687">17782687</a>.</cite> (see 1965 reprint for free fulltext)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin,_T._C.1897" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlin, T. C. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F607980">"Studies for students: the method of multiple working hypotheses"</a>. <i>Journal of Geology</i>. <b>5</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">837–</span>848. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1897JG......5..837C">1897JG......5..837C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F607980">10.1086/607980</a></span>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30054868">30054868</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFElliotB._W._Brook2007" class="citation journal cs1">Elliot, L.P.; B. W. Brook (2007). "Revisiting Chamberlin: multiple working hypotheses for the 21st century". <i>BioScience</i>. <b>57</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">608–</span>614. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2FB570708">10.1641/B570708</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin,_T._C.1965" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlin, T. C. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webhome.auburn.edu/~tds0009/Articles/Chamberlain%201965.pdf">"The method of multiple working hypotheses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>148</b> (3671): <span class="nowrap">754–</span>759. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Sci...148..754C">1965Sci...148..754C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.148.3671.754">10.1126/science.148.3671.754</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1716334">1716334</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17748786">17748786</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7481185">7481185</a>.</cite> (free fulltext)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin,_T._C.1899" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlin, T. C. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-30055497">"An Attempt to Frame a Working Hypothesis of the Cause of Glacial Periods on an Atmospheric Basis"</a>. <i>Journal of Geology</i>. <b>7</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">751–</span>787. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1899JG......7..751C">1899JG......7..751C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F608524">10.1086/608524</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/thomas-chrowder-chamberlin">"Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. February 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001765.html">"Thomas C. Chamberlin"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Thomas+C.+Chamberlin&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMather2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Kirtley_F._Mather" title="Kirtley F. Mather">Mather, Kirtley F.</a> (May 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/geology-and-oceanography-biographies/thomas-chrowder-chamberlin">"Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder"</a>. <i><a href="Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">encyclopedia.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.BURTON">"Guide to the Ernest DeWitt Burton Papers 1875-1969"</a>. <i><a href="Regenstein_Library" title="Regenstein Library">lib.uchicago.edu</a></i>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-seg-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seg_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121228070411/http://www.segweb.org/SEG/_About_SEG/_Medals_and_Awards/Penrose_Gold_Medal.aspx">"Penrose Gold Medal"</a>. Society of Economic Geologists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.segweb.org/SEG/_About_SEG/_Medals_and_Awards/Penrose_Gold_Medal.aspx">the original</a> on December 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geosociety.org/awards/past.htm#penrose">"Penrose Medalists"</a>. The Geological Society of America, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The Geological Society of America — Life History of a Learned Society, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8137-1155-X</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beloit College Archives, <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beloit.edu/~archives/documents/archival_collections/alumni/thomas_chamberlin.php">"Thomas C. Chamberlin"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103232209/http://housing.sites.uchicago.edu/Chamberlin-house">"Chamberlin House"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://housing.sites.uchicago.edu/Chamberlin-house">the original</a> on January 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-deVaucouleurs1975-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deVaucouleurs1975_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_VaucouleursBlunckDaviesDollfus1975" class="citation journal cs1">de Vaucouleurs, G.; et al. (September 1975). "The new Martian nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 85−98. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Icar...26...85D">1975Icar...26...85D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2875%2990146-3">10.1016/0019-1035(75)90146-3</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/milwaukee/news/2021/08/06/chamberlin-rock-moved">https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/milwaukee/news/2021/08/06/chamberlin-rock-moved</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDott_Robert_H._Jr2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dott Robert H. Jr (2006). "Rock Stars: Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin (1843–1928)". <i>GSA Today</i>. <b>16</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GSAT...16j..30D">2006GSAT...16j..30D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F1052-5173%282006%2916%5B30%3ARSTCC%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/1052-5173(2006)16[30:RSTCC]2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Railsback, L. Bruce. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/11111misc/MWHReprise2.pdf">T. C. Chamberlin's 'Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses': An encapsulation for modern students</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109024607/http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/11111misc/MWHReprise2.pdf">Archived</a> January 9, 2020, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>".</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Chrowder_Chamberlin" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin">Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin</a></span>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">English <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:

<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Thomas_Chrowder_Chamberlin" class="extiw external" title="s:en:Author:Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin">Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin</a></b></div></div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Chamberlin%2C%20Thomas%20Chrowder%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Chamberlin%2C%20Thomas%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Chamberlin%2C%20T%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Chrowder%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20C%2E%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22T%2E%20C%2E%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Chamberlin%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Chrowder%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20C%2E%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T%2E%20C%2E%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T%2E%20Chrowder%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Chamberlin%2C%20Thomas%20Chrowder%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Chamberlin%2C%20Thomas%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Chamberlin%2C%20T%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Chamberlin%2C%20T%2E%20Chrowder%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Chamberlin%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Chrowder%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20C%2E%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22T%2E%20C%2E%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Chrowder%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20C%2E%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22T%2E%20C%2E%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Chamberlin%2C%20Thomas%20Chrowder%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Chamberlin%2C%20Thomas%20C%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Chamberlin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Chamberlin%2C%20Thomas%22%29%20OR%20%28%221843-1928%22%20AND%20Chamberlin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beloit.edu/archives/assets/Chamberlin_Finding_Aid_MC_31.pdf">Chamberlin holdings at Beloit College Archives</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dcms.beloit.edu/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2Fchamber">Expedition photographs from Beloit College Digital Collections</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/histgeol/chamber/chamber.htm">Biography by James S. Aber</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11437">Works by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin</a> at <a href="LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/150194650">Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin</a> at <a href="Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.CHAMBERLINTC">Guide to the Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin Papers 1878-1932</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Presidents_of_the_Geological_Society_of_America267" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1889–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_Hall_(paleontologist)" title="James Hall (paleontologist)">James Hall</a> (1889)</li>

<li><a href="James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1890)</li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Winchell" title="Alexander Winchell">Alexander Winchell</a> (1891)</li>

<li><a href="Grove_Karl_Gilbert" title="Grove Karl Gilbert">Grove Karl Gilbert</a> (1892)</li>

<li><a href="John_William_Dawson" title="John William Dawson">John William Dawson</a> (1893)</li>

<li><a href="Nathaniel_Shaler" title="Nathaniel Shaler">Nathaniel Shaler</a> (1895)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_LeConte" title="Joseph LeConte">Joseph LeConte</a> (1896)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Orton_Sr." title="Edward Orton Sr.">Edward Orton Sr.</a> (1897)</li>

<li><a href="J._J._Stevenson_(geologist)" title="J. J. Stevenson (geologist)">J. J. Stevenson</a> (1898)</li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Kendall_Emerson" title="Benjamin Kendall Emerson">Benjamin Kendall Emerson</a> (1899)</li>

<li><a href="George_Mercer_Dawson" title="George Mercer Dawson">George Mercer Dawson</a> (1900)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charles_Doolittle_Walcott" title="Charles Doolittle Walcott">Charles Doolittle Walcott</a> (1901)</li>

<li><a href="Newton_Horace_Winchell" title="Newton Horace Winchell">Newton Horace Winchell</a> (1902)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Franklin_Emmons" title="Samuel Franklin Emmons">Samuel Franklin Emmons</a> (1903)</li>

<li><a href="John_Casper_Branner" title="John Casper Branner">John Casper Branner</a> (1904)</li>

<li><a href="Raphael_Pumpelly" title="Raphael Pumpelly">Raphael Pumpelly</a> (1905)</li>

<li><a href="Israel_Russell" title="Israel Russell">Israel Russell</a> (1906)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_R._Van_Hise" title="Charles R. Van Hise">Charles R. Van Hise</a> (1907)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Calvin_(geologist)" title="Samuel Calvin (geologist)">Samuel Calvin</a> (1908)</li>

<li><a href="Grove_Karl_Gilbert" title="Grove Karl Gilbert">Grove Karl Gilbert</a> (1909)</li>

<li><a href="Arnold_Hague" title="Arnold Hague">Arnold Hague</a> (1910)</li>

<li><a href="William_Morris_Davis" title="William Morris Davis">William Morris Davis</a> (1911)</li>

<li><a href="Herman_LeRoy_Fairchild" title="Herman LeRoy Fairchild">Herman LeRoy Fairchild</a> (1912)</li>

<li><a href="Eugene_Allen_Smith" title="Eugene Allen Smith">Eugene Allen Smith</a> (1913)</li>

<li><a href="George_Ferdinand_Becker" title="George Ferdinand Becker">George Ferdinand Becker</a> (1914)</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Philemon_Coleman" title="Arthur Philemon Coleman">Arthur Philemon Coleman</a> (1915)</li>

<li><a href="John_Mason_Clarke" title="John Mason Clarke">John M. Clarke</a> (1916)</li>

<li><a href="Frank_Dawson_Adams" title="Frank Dawson Adams">Frank Dawson Adams</a> (1917)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Whitman_Cross" title="Charles Whitman Cross">Charles Whitman Cross</a> (1918)</li>

<li><a href="John_Campbell_Merriam" title="John Campbell Merriam">John Campbell Merriam</a> (1919)</li>

<li><a href="Israel_C._White" title="Israel C. White">Israel C. White</a> (1920)</li>

<li><a href="James_Furman_Kemp" title="James Furman Kemp">James Furman Kemp</a> (1921)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Schuchert" title="Charles Schuchert">Charles Schuchert</a> (1922)</li>

<li><a href="David_White_(geologist)" title="David White (geologist)">David White</a> (1923)</li>

<li><a href="Waldemar_Lindgren" title="Waldemar Lindgren">Waldemar Lindgren</a> (1924)</li>

<li><a href="William_Berryman_Scott" title="William Berryman Scott">William Berryman Scott</a> (1925)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andrew_Lawson" title="Andrew Lawson">Andrew Lawson</a> (1926)</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Keith_(geologist)" title="Arthur Keith (geologist)">Arthur Keith</a> (1927)</li>

<li><a href="Bailey_Willis" title="Bailey Willis">Bailey Willis</a> (1928)</li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_Ries" title="Heinrich Ries">Heinrich Ries</a> (1929)</li>

<li><a href="R._A._F._Penrose_Jr." title="R. A. F. Penrose Jr.">R. A. F. Penrose Jr.</a> (1930)</li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Church_Lane" title="Alfred Church Lane">Alfred Church Lane</a> (1931)</li>

<li><a href="Reginald_Aldworth_Daly" title="Reginald Aldworth Daly">Reginald Aldworth Daly</a> (1932)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Kenneth_Leith" title="Charles Kenneth Leith">Charles Kenneth Leith</a> (1933)</li>

<li><a href="William_Henry_Collins" title="William Henry Collins">William Henry Collins</a> (1934)</li>

<li><a href="Nevin_M._Fenneman" title="Nevin M. Fenneman">Nevin M. Fenneman</a> (1935)</li>

<li><a href="Walter_Curran_Mendenhall" title="Walter Curran Mendenhall">Walter Curran Mendenhall</a> (1936)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Palache" title="Charles Palache">Charles Palache</a> (1937)</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Louis_Day" title="Arthur Louis Day">Arthur Louis Day</a> (1938)</li>

<li><a href="T._Wayland_Vaughan" title="T. Wayland Vaughan">T. Wayland Vaughan</a> (1939)</li>

<li><a href="Eliot_Blackwelder" title="Eliot Blackwelder">Eliot Blackwelder</a> (1940)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_P._Berkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles P. Berkey">Charles P. Berkey</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="Douglas_Wilson_Johnson" title="Douglas Wilson Johnson">Douglas W. Johnson</a> (1942)</li>

<li><a href="E._L._Bruce" class="mw-redirect" title="E. L. Bruce">E. L. Bruce</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Adolph_Knopf" title="Adolph Knopf">Adolph Knopf</a> (1944)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_W._Berry" title="Edward W. Berry">Edward W. Berry</a> (1945)</li>

<li><a href="Norman_L._Bowen" title="Norman L. Bowen">Norman L. Bowen</a> (1946)</li>

<li><a href="Arville_Irving_Levorsen" title="Arville Irving Levorsen">Arville Irving Levorsen</a> (1947)</li>

<li><a href="James_Gilluly" title="James Gilluly">James Gilluly</a> (1948)</li>

<li><a href="Chester_R._Longwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester R. Longwell">Chester R. Longwell</a> (1949)</li>

<li><a href="William_Walden_Rubey" title="William Walden Rubey">William Walden Rubey</a> (1950)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chester_Stock" title="Chester Stock">Chester Stock</a> (1951)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_S._Lovering" title="Thomas S. Lovering">Thomas S. Lovering</a> (1952)</li>

<li><a href="Wendell_P._Woodring" title="Wendell P. Woodring">Wendell P. Woodring</a> (1953)</li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Cloos" title="Ernst Cloos">Ernst Cloos</a> (1954)</li>

<li><a href="Walter_Hermann_Bucher" title="Walter Hermann Bucher">Walter Hermann Bucher</a> (1955)</li>

<li><a href="George_Sherwood_Hume" title="George Sherwood Hume">George Sherwood Hume</a> (1956)</li>

<li><a href="Richard_J._Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard J. Russell">Richard J. Russell</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="Raymond_Cecil_Moore" title="Raymond Cecil Moore">Raymond Cecil Moore</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Marland_P._Billings" title="Marland P. Billings">Marland P. Billings</a> (1959)</li>

<li><a href="Hollis_Dow_Hedberg" title="Hollis Dow Hedberg">Hollis Dow Hedberg</a> (1960)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Brennan_Nolan" title="Thomas Brennan Nolan">Thomas Brennan Nolan</a> (1961)</li>

<li><a href="M._King_Hubbert" title="M. King Hubbert">M. King Hubbert</a> (1962)</li>

<li><a href="Harry_Hammond_Hess" title="Harry Hammond Hess">Harry Hammond Hess</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)" title="Francis Birch (geophysicist)">Francis Birch</a> (1964)</li>

<li><a href="Wilmot_Hyde_Bradley" title="Wilmot Hyde Bradley">Wilmot Hyde Bradley</a> (1965)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Legget" title="Robert Legget">Robert Legget</a> (1966)</li>

<li><a href="Konrad_Bates_Krauskopf" title="Konrad Bates Krauskopf">Konrad Bates Krauskopf</a> (1967)</li>

<li>Ian Campbell (1968)</li>

<li>Morgan J. Davis (1969)</li>

<li><a href="John_Rodgers_(geologist)" title="John Rodgers (geologist)">John Rodgers</a> (1970)</li>

<li>Richard H. Jahns (1971)</li>

<li><a href="Luna_Leopold" title="Luna Leopold">Luna Leopold</a> (1972)</li>

<li>John C. Maxwell (1973)</li>

<li><a href="Clarence_Allen_(geologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Allen (geologist)">Clarence Allen</a> (1974)</li>

<li><a href="Julian_Goldsmith" title="Julian Goldsmith">Julian Goldsmith</a> (1975)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Robert_Folinsbee" title="Robert Folinsbee">Robert Folinsbee</a> (1976)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_L._Drake" title="Charles L. Drake">Charles L. Drake</a> (1977)</li>

<li><a href="Peter_T._Flawn" title="Peter T. Flawn">Peter T. Flawn</a> (1978)</li>

<li><a href="Leon_Silver" title="Leon Silver">Leon Silver</a> (1979)</li>

<li><a href="Laurence_L._Sloss" title="Laurence L. Sloss">Laurence L. Sloss</a> (1980)</li>

<li>Howard R. Gould (1981)</li>

<li><a href="Digby_McLaren" title="Digby McLaren">Digby McLaren</a> (1982)</li>

<li>Paul A. Bailly (1983)</li>

<li><a href="M._Gordon_Wolman" title="M. Gordon Wolman">M. Gordon Wolman</a> (1984)</li>

<li>Brian J. Skinner (1985)</li>

<li><a href="W._G._Ernst" title="W. G. Ernst">W. G. Ernst</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Jack_Oliver_(scientist)" title="Jack Oliver (scientist)">Jack Oliver</a> (1987)</li>

<li><a href="Albert_W._Bally" title="Albert W. Bally">Albert W. Bally</a> (1988)</li>

<li><a href="Randolph_Bromery" title="Randolph Bromery">Randolph Bromery</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="Raymond_A._Price" title="Raymond A. Price">Raymond A. Price</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Doris_Malkin_Curtis" title="Doris Malkin Curtis">Doris Malkin Curtis</a> (1991)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_D._Hatcher_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert D. Hatcher Jr.">Robert D. Hatcher Jr.</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="William_R._Dickinson" title="William R. Dickinson">William R. Dickinson</a> (1994)</li>

<li>David A. Stephenson (1995)</li>

<li><a href="Eldridge_M._Moores" title="Eldridge M. Moores">Eldridge M. Moores</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="George_A._Thompson_(geologist)" title="George A. Thompson (geologist)">George A. Thompson</a> (1997)</li>

<li>Victor R. Baker (1998)</li>

<li><a href="Gail_Ashley" title="Gail Ashley">Gail M. Ashley</a> (1999)</li>

<li><a href="Mary_Lou_Zoback" title="Mary Lou Zoback">Mary Lou Zoback</a> (2000)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sharon_Mosher" title="Sharon Mosher">Sharon Mosher</a> (2001)</li>

<li><a href="Anthony_J._Naldrett" title="Anthony J. Naldrett">Anthony J. Naldrett</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="B._Clark_Burchfiel" title="B. Clark Burchfiel">B. Clark Burchfiel</a> (2003)</li>

<li>William A. Thomas (2005)</li>

<li>Stephen G. Wells (2006)</li>

<li><a href="John_M._Sharp" title="John M. Sharp">John M. Sharp</a> (2007)</li>

<li>Judith Totman Parrish (2008)</li>

<li>Joaquin Ruiz (2010)</li>

<li>John Geissman (2011)</li>

<li>George H. Davis (2012)</li>

<li><a href="Suzanne_Mahlburg_Kay" title="Suzanne Mahlburg Kay">Suzanne Mahlburg Kay</a> (2013)</li>

<li><a href="Harry_McSween" title="Harry McSween">Harry McSween</a> (2014)</li>

<li>Jonathan Price (2015)</li>

<li><a href="Claudia_Mora" title="Claudia Mora">Claudia Mora</a> (2016)</li>

<li><a href="Isabel_P._Monta%C3%B1ez" title="Isabel P. Montañez">Isabel P. Montañez</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Robbie_Gries" title="Robbie Gries">Robbie Gries</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Donald_I._Siegel" title="Donald I. Siegel">Donald I. Siegel</a> (2019)</li>

<li>J. Douglas Walker (2020)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AGeology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="President_of_the_American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science">Presidents</a> of the <a href="American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1848–1875</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Charles_Redfield" title="William Charles Redfield">William Charles Redfield</a> (1848)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> (1849)</li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Dallas Bache</a> (1850)</li>

<li><a href="Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1851)</li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Peirce" title="Benjamin Peirce">Benjamin Peirce</a> (1852)</li>

<li><a href="James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James D. Dana</a> (1854)</li>

<li><a href="John_Torrey" title="John Torrey">John Torrey</a> (1855)</li>

<li><a href="James_Hall_(paleontologist)" title="James Hall (paleontologist)">James Hall</a> (1856)</li>

<li><a href="Alexis_Caswell" title="Alexis Caswell">Alexis Caswell</a> (1857)</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Whitman_Bailey" title="Jacob Whitman Bailey">Jacob Whitman Bailey</a> (1857)</li>

<li><a href="Jeffries_Wyman" title="Jeffries Wyman">Jeffries Wyman</a> (1858)</li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Alexander_(astronomer)" title="Stephen Alexander (astronomer)">Stephen Alexander</a> (1859)</li>

<li><a href="Isaac_Lea" title="Isaac Lea">Isaac Lea</a> (1860)</li>

<li><a href="Frederick_A._P._Barnard" title="Frederick A. P. Barnard">Frederick A. P. Barnard</a> (1866)</li>

<li><a href="John_Strong_Newberry" title="John Strong Newberry">John Strong Newberry</a> (1867)</li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Apthorp_Gould" title="Benjamin Apthorp Gould">Benjamin Apthorp Gould</a> (1868)</li>

<li><a href="John_Wells_Foster" title="John Wells Foster">John Wells Foster</a> (1869)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Sterry_Hunt" title="Thomas Sterry Hunt">Thomas Sterry Hunt</a> (1870)</li>

<li><a href="William_Chauvenet" title="William Chauvenet">William Chauvenet</a> (1870)</li>

<li><a href="J._Lawrence_Smith_(chemist)" title="J. Lawrence Smith (chemist)">J. Lawrence Smith</a> (1872)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Lovering" title="Joseph Lovering">Joseph Lovering</a> (1873)</li>

<li><a href="John_Lawrence_LeConte" title="John Lawrence LeConte">John Lawrence LeConte</a> (1874)</li>

<li><a href="Julius_Erasmus_Hilgard" title="Julius Erasmus Hilgard">Julius Erasmus Hilgard</a> (1875)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1876–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a> (1876)</li>

<li><a href="Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1877)</li>

<li><a href="Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a> (1878)</li>

<li><a href="George_Frederick_Barker" title="George Frederick Barker">George Frederick Barker</a> (1879)</li>

<li><a href="Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a> (1880)</li>

<li><a href="George_Jarvis_Brush" title="George Jarvis Brush">George Jarvis Brush</a> (1881)</li>

<li><a href="John_William_Dawson" title="John William Dawson">John William Dawson</a> (1882)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Augustus_Young" title="Charles Augustus Young">Charles Augustus Young</a> (1883)</li>

<li><a href="Peter_Lesley" title="Peter Lesley">Peter Lesley</a> (1884)</li>

<li><a href="Hubert_A._Newton" title="Hubert A. Newton">Hubert A. Newton</a> (1885)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_S._Morse" title="Edward S. Morse">Edward S. Morse</a> (1886)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Langley" title="Samuel Langley">Samuel Langley</a> (1887)</li>

<li><a href="John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a> (1888)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a> (1889)</li>

<li><a href="George_Lincoln_Goodale" title="George Lincoln Goodale">George Lincoln Goodale</a> (1890)</li>

<li><a href="Albert_Benjamin_Prescott" title="Albert Benjamin Prescott">Albert Benjamin Prescott</a> (1891)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_LeConte" title="Joseph LeConte">Joseph LeConte</a> (1892)</li>

<li><a href="William_Harkness" title="William Harkness">William Harkness</a> (1893)</li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Garrison_Brinton" title="Daniel Garrison Brinton">Daniel Garrison Brinton</a> (1894)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_W._Morley" title="Edward W. Morley">Edward W. Morley</a> (1895)</li>

<li><a href="Theodore_Gill" title="Theodore Gill">Theodore Gill</a> (1896)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Edward Drinker Cope</a> (1896)</li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Wolcott_Gibbs" title="Oliver Wolcott Gibbs">Oliver Wolcott Gibbs</a> (1897)</li>

<li><a href="William_John_McGee" title="William John McGee">William John McGee</a> (1897)</li>

<li><a href="Frederic_Ward_Putnam" title="Frederic Ward Putnam">Frederic Ward Putnam</a> (1898)</li>

<li><a href="Grove_Karl_Gilbert" title="Grove Karl Gilbert">Grove Karl Gilbert</a> (1899)</li>

<li><a href="Marcus_Benjamin" title="Marcus Benjamin">Marcus Benjamin</a> (1899)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Orton_Sr." title="Edward Orton Sr.">Edward Orton Sr.</a> (1899)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Simpson_Woodward" title="Robert Simpson Woodward">Robert Simpson Woodward</a> (1900)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charles_Sedgwick_Minot" title="Charles Sedgwick Minot">Charles Sedgwick Minot</a> (1901)</li>

<li><a href="Ira_Remsen" title="Ira Remsen">Ira Remsen</a> (1902)</li>

<li><a href="Asaph_Hall" title="Asaph Hall">Asaph Hall</a> (1902)</li>

<li><a href="Carroll_D._Wright" title="Carroll D. Wright">Carroll D. Wright</a> (1903)</li>

<li><a href="William_Gilson_Farlow" title="William Gilson Farlow">William Gilson Farlow</a> (1904)</li>

<li><a href="Calvin_M._Woodward" title="Calvin M. Woodward">Calvin M. Woodward</a> (1905)</li>

<li><a href="William_H._Welch" title="William H. Welch">William H. Welch</a> (1906)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Leamington_Nichols" title="Edward Leamington Nichols">Edward Leamington Nichols</a> (1907)</li>

<li><a href="David_Starr_Jordan" title="David Starr Jordan">David Starr Jordan</a> (1909)</li>

<li><a href="Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1910)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Edwin_Bessey" title="Charles Edwin Bessey">Charles Edwin Bessey</a> (1911)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a> (1912)</li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Beecher_Wilson" title="Edmund Beecher Wilson">Edmund Beecher Wilson</a> (1913)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot">Charles William Eliot</a> (1914)</li>

<li><a href="William_Wallace_Campbell" title="William Wallace Campbell">William Wallace Campbell</a> (1915)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_R._Van_Hise" title="Charles R. Van Hise">Charles R. Van Hise</a> (1916)</li>

<li><a href="Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore William Richards</a> (1917)</li>

<li><a href="John_Merle_Coulter" title="John Merle Coulter">John Merle Coulter</a> (1918)</li>

<li><a href="Simon_Flexner" title="Simon Flexner">Simon Flexner</a> (1919)</li>

<li><a href="Leland_Ossian_Howard" title="Leland Ossian Howard">Leland Ossian Howard</a> (1920)</li>

<li><a href="E._H._Moore" title="E. H. Moore">E. H. Moore</a> (1921)</li>

<li><a href="J._Playfair_McMurrich" title="J. Playfair McMurrich">J. Playfair McMurrich</a> (1922)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Doolittle_Walcott" title="Charles Doolittle Walcott">Charles Doolittle Walcott</a> (1923)</li>

<li><a href="James_McKeen_Cattell" title="James McKeen Cattell">James McKeen Cattell</a> (1924)</li>

<li><a href="Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a> (1925)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Liberty_Hyde_Bailey" title="Liberty Hyde Bailey">Liberty Hyde Bailey</a> (1926)</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Amos_Noyes" title="Arthur Amos Noyes">Arthur Amos Noyes</a> (1927)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Henry Fairfield Osborn</a> (1928)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> (1929)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1930)</li>

<li><a href="Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> (1931)</li>

<li><a href="John_Jacob_Abel" title="John Jacob Abel">John Jacob Abel</a> (1932)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a> (1933)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a> (1934)</li>

<li><a href="Karl_Taylor_Compton" title="Karl Taylor Compton">Karl Taylor Compton</a> (1935)</li>

<li><a href="Edwin_Conklin" title="Edwin Conklin">Edwin Conklin</a> (1936)</li>

<li><a href="George_David_Birkhoff" title="George David Birkhoff">George David Birkhoff</a> (1937)</li>

<li><a href="Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a> (1938)</li>

<li><a href="Walter_Bradford_Cannon" title="Walter Bradford Cannon">Walter Bradford Cannon</a> (1939)</li>

<li><a href="Albert_Francis_Blakeslee" title="Albert Francis Blakeslee">Albert Francis Blakeslee</a> (1940)</li>

<li><a href="Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> (1942)</li>

<li><a href="Isaiah_Bowman" title="Isaiah Bowman">Isaiah Bowman</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Anton_Julius_Carlson" title="Anton Julius Carlson">Anton Julius Carlson</a> (1944)</li>

<li><a href="James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a> (1945)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a> (1946)</li>

<li><a href="Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a> (1947)</li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Ware_Sinnott" title="Edmund Ware Sinnott">Edmund Ware Sinnott</a> (1948)</li>

<li><a href="Elvin_Stakman" title="Elvin Stakman">Elvin Stakman</a> (1949)</li>

<li><a href="Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a> (1950)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kirtley_F._Mather" title="Kirtley F. Mather">Kirtley F. Mather</a> (1951)</li>

<li><a href="Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev Bronk</a> (1952)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a> (1953)</li>

<li><a href="Warren_Weaver" title="Warren Weaver">Warren Weaver</a> (1954)</li>

<li><a href="George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> (1955)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Sears" title="Paul Sears">Paul Sears</a> (1956)</li>

<li><a href="Laurence_H._Snyder" title="Laurence H. Snyder">Laurence H. Snyder</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="Wallace_R._Brode" title="Wallace R. Brode">Wallace R. Brode</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_E._Klopsteg" title="Paul E. Klopsteg">Paul E. Klopsteg</a> (1959)</li>

<li><a href="Chauncey_D._Leake" title="Chauncey D. Leake">Chauncey D. Leake</a> (1960)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Park_(AAAS)" title="Thomas Park (AAAS)">Thomas Park</a> (1961)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Magnus_Gross" title="Paul Magnus Gross">Paul Magnus Gross</a> (1962)</li>

<li><a href="Alan_Tower_Waterman" title="Alan Tower Waterman">Alan Tower Waterman</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="Laurence_McKinley_Gould" title="Laurence McKinley Gould">Laurence McKinley Gould</a> (1964)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a> (1965)</li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Romer" title="Alfred Romer">Alfred Romer</a> (1966)</li>

<li><a href="Don_K._Price" title="Don K. Price">Don K. Price</a> (1967)</li>

<li><a href="Walter_Orr_Roberts" title="Walter Orr Roberts">Walter Orr Roberts</a> (1968)</li>

<li><a href="H._Bentley_Glass" title="H. Bentley Glass">H. Bentley Glass</a> (1969)</li>

<li><a href="Athelstan_Spilhaus" title="Athelstan Spilhaus">Athelstan Spilhaus</a> (1970)</li>

<li><a href="Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> (1972)</li>

<li><a href="Leonard_M._Rieser" title="Leonard M. Rieser">Leonard M. Rieser</a> (1973)</li>

<li><a href="Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a> (1974)</li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> (1975)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_D._McElroy" title="William D. McElroy">William D. McElroy</a> (1976)</li>

<li><a href="Emilio_Daddario" title="Emilio Daddario">Emilio Daddario</a> (1977–1978)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_E._David_Jr." title="Edward E. David Jr.">Edward E. David Jr.</a> (1979)</li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1980)</li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Mosteller" title="Frederick Mosteller">Frederick Mosteller</a> (1981)</li>

<li><a href="D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a> (1982)</li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a> (1983)</li>

<li><a href="Anna_J._Harrison" title="Anna J. Harrison">Anna J. Harrison</a> (1984)</li>

<li><a href="David_A._Hamburg" title="David A. Hamburg">David A. Hamburg</a> (1985)</li>

<li><a href="Gerard_Piel" title="Gerard Piel">Gerard Piel</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Bogorad" title="Lawrence Bogorad">Lawrence Bogorad</a> (1987)</li>

<li><a href="Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila Widnall</a> (1988)</li>

<li><a href="Walter_E._Massey" title="Walter E. Massey">Walter E. Massey</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="Richard_C._Atkinson" title="Richard C. Atkinson">Richard C. Atkinson</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Donald_N._Langenberg" title="Donald N. Langenberg">Donald N. Langenberg</a> (1991)</li>

<li><a href="Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a> (1992)</li>

<li><a href="F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="Eloise_E._Clark" title="Eloise E. Clark">Eloise E. Clark</a> (1994)</li>

<li><a href="Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a> (1995)</li>

<li><a href="Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="Jane_Lubchenco" title="Jane Lubchenco">Jane Lubchenco</a> (1997)</li>

<li><a href="Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="M._R._C._Greenwood" title="M. R. C. Greenwood">M. R. C. Greenwood</a> (1999)</li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> (2000)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="Floyd_E._Bloom" title="Floyd E. Bloom">Floyd E. Bloom</a> (2003)</li>

<li><a href="Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a> (2005)</li>

<li><a href="Gil_Omenn" title="Gil Omenn">Gil Omenn</a> (2006)</li>

<li><a href="John_Holdren" title="John Holdren">John Holdren</a> (2007)</li>

<li><a href="David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> (2008)</li>

<li><a href="James_McCarthy_(oceanographer)" title="James McCarthy (oceanographer)">James McCarthy</a> (2009)</li>

<li><a href="Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="Alice_S._Huang" title="Alice S. Huang">Alice S. Huang</a> (2011)</li>

<li><a href="Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a> (2012)</li>

<li><a href="William_H._Press" title="William H. Press">William H. Press</a> (2013)</li>

<li><a href="Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Allen Sharp</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Gerald_Fink" title="Gerald Fink">Gerald Fink</a> (2015)</li>

<li><a href="Geraldine_L._Richmond" title="Geraldine L. Richmond">Geraldine L. Richmond</a> (2016)</li>

<li><a href="Barbara_A._Schaal" title="Barbara A. Schaal">Barbara A. Schaal</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Susan_Hockfield" title="Susan Hockfield">Susan Hockfield</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Hamburg" title="Margaret Hamburg">Margaret Hamburg</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> (2020)</li>

<li><a href="Claire_M._Fraser" title="Claire M. Fraser">Claire M. Fraser</a> (2021)</li>

<li><a href="Gilda_Barabino" title="Gilda Barabino">Gilda Barabino</a> (2022)</li>

<li><a href="Keith_Yamamoto" title="Keith Yamamoto">Keith Yamamoto</a> (2023)</li>

<li><a href="Willie_E._May" title="Willie E. May">Willie E. May</a> (2024)</li>

<li><a href="Theresa_A._Maldonado" title="Theresa A. Maldonado">Theresa A. Maldonado</a> (2025)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_and_presidents_of_the_University_of_Wisconsin–Madison444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5050C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;"><div id="Chancellors_and_presidents_of_the_University_of_Wisconsin–Madison444" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_presidents_and_chancellors_of_the_University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="List of presidents and chancellors of the University of Wisconsin–Madison"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Chancellors and presidents</span></a> of the <a href="University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">University of Wisconsin–Madison</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chancellor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Hiram_Lathrop" title="John Hiram Lathrop">Lathrop</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Barnard" title="Henry Barnard">Barnard</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Whelan_Sterling" title="John Whelan Sterling">Sterling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Paul_Chadbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Chadbourne">Chadbourne</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hanson_Twombly" title="John Hanson Twombly">Twombly</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bascom" title="John Bascom">Bascom</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Kendall_Adams" title="Charles Kendall Adams">Adams</a></li>

<li>#<a href="Edward_Asahel_Birge" title="Edward Asahel Birge">Birge</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Asahel_Birge" title="Edward Asahel Birge">Birge</a></li>

<li><a href="Glenn_Frank" title="Glenn Frank">Frank</a></li>

<li>#<a href="George_Sellery" title="George Sellery">Sellery</a></li>

<li><a href="Clarence_Addison_Dykstra" title="Clarence Addison Dykstra">Dykstra</a></li>

<li><a href="Conrad_Elvehjem" title="Conrad Elvehjem">Elvehjem</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_Harvey_Harrington" title="Fred Harvey Harrington">Harrington</a></li>

<li>#<a href="Robert_Clodius" title="Robert Clodius">Clodius</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Carrier_Weaver" title="John Carrier Weaver">Weaver</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chancellor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>#<a href="Robert_Clodius" title="Robert Clodius">Clodius</a></li>

<li><a href="Robben_Wright_Fleming" title="Robben Wright Fleming">Fleming</a></li>

<li><a href="William_H._Sewell" title="William H. Sewell">Sewell</a></li>

<li>#<a href="Bryant_Kearl" title="Bryant Kearl">Kearl</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_Edwin_Young" title="Hugh Edwin Young">Young</a></li>

<li>#<a href="Glenn_Simpson_Pound" title="Glenn Simpson Pound">Pound</a></li>

<li><a href="Irving_Shain" title="Irving Shain">Shain</a></li>

<li>#<a href="Bernard_Cecil_Cohen" title="Bernard Cecil Cohen">Cohen</a></li>

<li><a href="Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Shalala</a></li>

<li><a href="John_D._Wiley" title="John D. Wiley">Wiley</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolyn_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolyn Martin">Martin</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebecca_Blank" title="Rebecca Blank">Blank</a></li>

<li>#<a href="Karl_Scholz" title="Karl Scholz">Scholz</a></li>

<li><a href="Jennifer_Mnookin" title="Jennifer Mnookin">Mnookin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i># denotes an interim/acting president/chancellor</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q981419#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2463" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q981419#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109165248">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/74635731">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/194817">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxCt8tBMqyhcmjTVf9hpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117651095">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87811372">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder <1843-1928>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV240211">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35773668">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chamberlin, Thomas C."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20201061476&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071835628">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=256345">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810661385505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007367356805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1080913">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/117651095.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117651095">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/07730330X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nc6f6v">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/3c3faaa5-0f78-41a6-87ff-3305088df7c5">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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